Succession of four kingdoms
Babylon fell to the Medo-Persian empire (539 BC), which fell to Alexander's Greek empire (331 BC), which was absorbed by Rome. Rome dominated the known world until it fragmented into the nations of modern Europe after AD 476. Four empires, in sequence, exactly as described.
Fulfillment Notes
- Standard histories of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, and Roman empires Scholarly note: Critical scholarship dates Daniel to the 2nd century BC and reads the fourth kingdom as the Hellenistic Seleucids. Traditional reading remains striking regardless: the empire-sequence is correct either way.
Key Hebrew Terms
מַלְכוּת (malkhut, H4437); אַרְבַּע (arba, H702); דְמוּת (demut, H1823); סֶלַע (sela, H5553)